It works like global
variable it can be used across the report 
Formula column is
function which is return only one values but if we want to return multiple
values from the formula columns we can use the place holder columns
Data
Model:
Take place holder column
inside of group and go Property inspector and give below details as followed
Take formula column
inside of group and go Property inspector and give below details as followed
Open the PL/SQL formula
for formula column write the following code as showed below
PL/SQL Code:
FUNCTION cf_gradeformula
   RETURN CHAR
IS
BEGIN
   BEGIN
      SELECT dname
        INTO :cp_dname
        FROM dept
       WHERE deptno = :deptno;
   EXCEPTION
      WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
      THEN
         :cp_dname := 'No Dept';
      WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS
      THEN
         :cp_dname := 'Multiple Dept';
      WHEN OTHERS
      THEN
         :cp_dname := 'Un known';
   END;
   BEGIN
      IF :sal >= 10000
      THEN
         RETURN 'A';
      ELSIF :sal >= 5000
      THEN
         RETURN 'B';
      ELSIF :sal >= 3000
      THEN
         RETURN 'C';
      ELSE
         RETURN 'D';
      END IF;
   END;
END;
Layout
Model:
Report
output:
 
 
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